Exercise 1

1-. hoax

a) to dupe; to play a trick on; to deceive

b) to dirty; to stain; to sully; to soil

c) to scrape or shave off; to obliterate; to tear down completely; to demolish

d) to avoid; to outwit; to get around

2-v. extirpate

a) to attract; to tempt; to charm

b) to draw out; to extract from

c) to refer indirectly to something; to hint

d) to root out; to destroy totally; to eradicate

3-v. flaunt

a) to smile in a silly or affected way; to

b) to foil; to thwart; to disappoint; to defeat; to baffle

c) to display or wave boastfully

d) to start; to provoke; to inflame; to incite

4-v. ensue

a) to start; to provoke; to inflame; to incite

b) to follow; to result

c) to speak angrily or bitterly; to protest forcefully; to rant

d) to cancel by authority; to terminate; to abolish

5-v. concede

a) to guess; to speculate; to surmise; to hypothesize; to infer

b) to postpone; to put off to another time; to delay; to hold back

c) to surrender; to admit; to give up; to yield

d) to accuse falsely or maliciously in order to injure another's reputation; to slander

6-adj. sleazy

a) carefully attentive; diligent; persistent; hard-working

b) mutual; having the same relationship to each other; common; joint

c) flimsy and cheap; shabby; cheap

d) separate; individual

7-v. fathom

a) to give up; to put off until later

b) to approve; to support; to tolerate; to permit

c) to understand; to get to the bottom of; to measure the depth of

d) to imprison; to detain; to jail

8-v. abandon

a) to use for one's selfish purpose

b) to leave behind; to give something up

c) to exercise self control; to keep from; to refrain from

d) to calm; to lessen in severity; to mollify; to relieve

9-v. consecrate

a) to dupe; to play a trick on; to deceive

b) to variegate; to make different; to increase the product range of a company; to offer new products

c) to declare sacred; to dedicate; to

d) to restate in a brief; concise form; to sum up; conclude; to summarize

10-v. deprecate

a) to speak or write at great length; to describe in full

b) to express disapproval of; to protest against; to disparage; belittle

c) to speak out against; to condemn; to accuse; to censure

d) to forecast; to foretell; to diagnose

Exercise 2

1-adj. boorish

a) unrefined in speech or manners; loutish; ill-bred; uncivilized; coarse

b) sly; crafty; skillful; clever; shrewd

c) disgusting due to excess; crude; repulsive; offensive

d) pure; perfect; faultless

2-adj. arid

a) extremely dry; parched; barren; unimaginative

b) prejudiced; influenced; not neutral

c) likely; inclined or disposed; fit; suitable; skillful

d) having a wide knowledge acquired through reading; learned; knowledgeable; educated

3-adj. ponderous

a) of or having to do with citizens or the state; polite;

b) courteous

c) lacking firmness; loose; limp; drooping; soft

d) unwieldy from weight; dull; labored; heavy; awkward

4-n. blandishment

a) conflict; disagreement; disparity

b) offender; person who is guilty of an offense

c) flattering speech or act; persuasion

d) point directly overhead in the sky; highest point; climax

5-n. antithesis

a) one's understanding; perception; consciousness; knowledge; awareness

b) difference in form, character or degree; inequality

c) contrast; direct opposite

d) trick or deception; a practical joke

6-adj. adverse

a) clear; distinct; expressed with clarity; skillful with words

b) mutual; having the same relationship to each other; common; joint

c) pertaining to the sky; heavenly

d) negative; hostile; antagonistic; inimical

7-adj. sanguine

a) shortened; summarized

b) full of enthusiasm or eagerness; passionate; excited

c) real; actual; substantial

d) optimistic; cheerful; red; confident

8-v. promulgate

a) to publish; to spread abroad; to declare; to advertise widely

b) to subdue; to conquer; to defeat; to win

c) to inform; to brief; to notify

d) to speak angrily or bitterly; to protest forcefully; to rant

9-adj. fictitious

a) native to a region; innate; originating from a place

b) unreal; made-up; false

c) swollen; inflated; using big or high-sounding words

d) unwilling to be pacified or appeased; impossible to pacify; inexorable

10-adj. meander

a) suited; pleasant; agreeable; affable

b) amazing by virtue of its immense size, force or any quality in exceptional degree

c) disgusting due to excess; crude; repulsive; offensive

d) winding; wandering aimlessly

Exercise 3

1-adj. cumbrous

a) burdensome and clumsy; bulky; unwieldy

b) lying flat on the back; inert; inactive; averse to taking action; indifferent; passive

c) opposed; contrary

d) understood by only a chosen few; confidential; private

2-adj. pedantic

a) burdensome and clumsy; bulky; unwieldy

b) emphasizing minutiae or form in scholarship or teaching; strict; meticulous

c) equivalent to; equal to

d) gentle; polite; agreeable; pleasant; kind; boring; apathetic

3-adj. dolorous

a) extremely dry; parched; barren; unimaginative

b) sarcastic; doubting the sincerity of others; pessimistic

c) sorrowful; mournful; painful

d) separate; individual

4-adj. disconsolate

a) without hope; sad; dejected; depressed

b) unpredictable; irregular; unsettled

c) understood but not plainly stated; without doubt; indirectly suggested; implied; unconditional; contained within

d) lack of feeling; impartial; calm; unbiased

5-adj. mottled

a) smooth and slippery; speaking or spoken in a smooth manner; easily fluent; careless; insincere

b) unidentified; disguised; concealed; anonymous; unknown

c) spotted or streaked with varied colors

d) friendly; good-natured; easy to talk to

6-n. jeopardy

a) person who advocates extreme basic changes

b) person skilled at telling stories

c) sending off; shipment; message; communication; promptness

d) danger; peril; hazard

7-adj. vicarious

a) taking the place of another; felt, received or done in place of another; indirect

b) suited; pleasant; agreeable; affable

c) mentally distressed; distracted; crazed; bewildered; hysterical

d) honest; truthful; sincere; frank; straightforward; open

8-adj. exotic

a) unusual; striking; foreign; out of the ordinary

b) changeable; fickle

c) not easily discouraged or defeated; unconquerable

d) insensitive; materialistic; rude; ill-mannered

9-adj. flagrant

a) pertaining to or used in a court of law; rhetorical; argumentative

b) constantly changing or varying in pattern or scenes

c) glaringly wrong; shameless; notorious; offensive

d) deadly; causing distress or death; destructive

10-adj. sallow

a) ill-natured; quarrelsome; contentious; irritable

b) unequal; different; unlike; contrasting

c) sick; having a sickly yellow coloring

d) sacrificing moral principles in order to attain power; politically cunning; crafty

Exercise 4

1-n. dissension

a) conflict; disagreement; disparity

b) hired soldier; greedy person

c) poise; composure; dignity; aplomb

d) boredom; apathy; lethargy; tedium

2-n. archetype

a) original pattern or model

b) opinion contrary to popular belief

c) scarcity; shortage; lack

d) sudden notion or passing fancy; caprice; impulse

3-n. erratum

a) ability to be separated or divided

b) swamp; marshland; wet spongy ground

c) misprint; typo; printing error

d) person who leads a simple life of self-denial; recluse; hermit

4-n. proletariat

a) incorrectness; unsuitableness

b) working class; social class comprised of manual laborers

c) disorderly quarrel; tumult; riot; skirmish

d) behavior; bearing; conduct; appearance

5-n. denunciation

a) denouncement; condemnation

b) homesickness; sentimentality

c) disguise; group of people in disguise or fancy costumes

d) distortion of the face to express an attitude or feeling; anger; disapproval

6-v. obviate

a) to make unnecessary; to prevent; to remove an obstacle in advance

b) to express disapproval of; to protest against; to disparage; belittle

c) to crush; to render void; to quell; to suppress; annul

d) to drive away; to scatter; to lessen

7-n. avarice

a) reproof; warning; reproval

b) thoughtlessness; state of complete forgetfulness

c) inordinate desire for gaining and possessing wealth; greed

d) destruction; poison; misfortune

8-n. deluge

a) witty or satirical poem or statement; letter; ingenious saying; proverb; phrase

b) something out of place in time (e.g. an airplane in 1492); something that is obsolete or out of date

c) person who denies that God exists

d) great flood; downpour; inundation; drenching rain

9-n. peccadillo

a) one who manipulates public emotions to gain power or popularity

b) amazement or terror that causes confusion; shock; dismay; alarm

c) copy; model; pattern; sample

d) slight fault or offense; minor sin

10-n. panacea

a) destruction; poison; misfortune

b) burden; duty; obligation; responsibility

c) remedy for all ills

d) agreement; harmony; settlement

Exercise 5

1-v. blight

a) to complete; to bring to perfection; to fulfill; to perfect

b) to confuse; to embarrass; to fluster; to worry

c) to erase; to cancel; to take out; to remove totally

d) to ruin; to decay; to destroy

2-v. harangue

a) to echo; to resonate; to resound

b) to waver from one course to another; to vary irregularly; to vacillate

c) to talk or write excitedly; to scold; to lecture

d) to banish; to exile; to withdraw from one's country; to expel

3-v. obtrude

a) to crush; to render void; to quell; to suppress; annul

b) to beg earnestly; to implore; to plead

c) to force oneself or one's ideas upon another; to thrust forward; to eject; to invade; to interrupt

d) to approve; to support; to tolerate; to permit

4-v. besmirch

a) to dirty; to stain; to sully; to soil

b) to trim; to decorate; to embellish; to adorn

c) to comply with; to consent to; to agree with; to concur

d) to speak or write at great length; to describe in full

5-v. immunize

a) to calm; to lessen in severity; to mollify; to relieve

b) to grow together; to merge; to unite

c) to make insusceptible to a disease

d) to display or wave boastfully

6-v. low

a) to punish through public criticism; to scold; to reprimand

b) to moo; to utter the sound made by cattle

c) to recognize; to perceive; to grasp; to comprehend

d) to accuse of wrongdoing; to cast discredit upon; to remove from office

7-v. waive

a) to declare sacred; to dedicate; to bless

b) to restate in a brief; concise form; to sum up; conclude; to summarize

c) to boast; to brag

d) to give up; to put off until later

8-v. recapitulate

a) to banish; to exile; to withdraw from one's country; to expel

b) to wind; to ramble; to roam; walk about aimlessly; carry on in a leisurely way; wander

c) to scold or blame loudly; to find fault with in abusive language; to condemn

d) to restate in a brief; concise form; to sum up; conclude; to summarize

9-v. consummate

a) to twist about (usually with pain)

b) to draw out; to extract from

c) to complete; to bring to perfection; to fulfill; to perfect

d) to estrange; to isolate; to requisition; to confiscate

10-v. temporize

a) to establish; to educate morally or spiritually; to improve; to strengthen

b) to catch; to anticipate; to arrest; to understand; to conceive

c) to delay or refuse to commit oneself in order to gain time; to avoid an answer

d) to warn; to find fault; to reprove; to scold

Exercise 6

1-adj. turgid

a) swollen; inflated; using big or high-sounding words

b) juicy; delectable; luscious

c) likely to happen without delay; forthcoming; impending

d) real; genuine; trustworthy; reliable

2-n. proximity

a) decree; command; order

b) consolation; commiseration

c) person who advocates extreme basic changes

d) nearness; vicinity; adjacency; closeness

3-n. aristocracy

a) point directly overhead in the sky; highest point; climax

b) government by the best people; privileged class

c) large number; a lot; innumerable; endless; infinitive; multiple

d) two words having the same sound but different meanings

4-adj. crass

a) insensitive; materialistic; rude; ill-mannered

b) very pleasing; adorable; delightful; delicious

c) trite; without freshness or originality; commonplace; stale; usual

d) different; varied

5-v. calumniate

a) to talk or write excitedly; to scold; to lecture

b) to express disapproval of; to protest against; to disparage; belittle

c) to display or wave boastfully

d) to accuse falsely or maliciously in order to injure another's reputation; to slander

6-n. misanthrope

a) maze; complicated network of passages; something confusing or bewildering

b) person who distrusts everything; hater of mankind

c) distortion of the face to express an attitude or feeling; anger; disapproval

d) secret agreement for an illegal purpose; conspiracy

7-n. dilettante

a) admirer of the fine arts; dabbler; amateur; nonprofessional

b) front or face, especially of a building; illusion; deceptive appearance

c) formal statement of either fact or opinion; maxim; pronouncement; saying

d) homesickness; sentimentality

8-n. exodus

a) behavior; bearing; conduct; appearance

b) keenness of mind; insight; astuteness; shrewdness

c) inherent quality; characteristic

d) mass departure; emigration

9-adj. devious

a) secret; hidden; covert; stealthy; underhand

b) deceptive; crooked; twisting; circuitous; indirect

c) careful; cautious; prudent; watchful; guarded

d) threatening or showing evil; dishonest; malicious

10-n. harangue

a) fake show intended to deceive; deception; pretense; diversionary tactic

b) use of force; compulsion; pressure

c) lengthy, heartfelt speech; scolding; lecture

d) interval; break; period of rest; separation; interruption; opening

Exercise 7

1-n. impostor

a) affected or silly smile; smirk

b) meaning; significance; bringing in of goods from another country

c) person who pretends to be someone else in order to deceive others; pretender; impersonator

d) historical records; archives; chronicles

2-n. respite

a) contrast; direct opposite

b) similarity; correlation; parallelism; comparability

c) nearness; vicinity; adjacency; closeness

d) rest period; temporary delay

3-n. reprisal

a) extreme patriot; person who is excessively devoted

b) inscription on a monument; in honor or memory of a dead person; commemoration

c) injury inflicted in turn for one received; retaliation; revenge

d) offensive and hostile attitude; attack; forceful behavior

4-n. hovel

a) collection of choice literary works; compilation

b) nautical unit of depth; unit of length equal to six feet

c) dirty or wretched dwelling; hut; shack

d) regret for wrongdoing; remorse; uneasiness of conscience

5-n. scintilla

a) harsh rebuke; abusive condemnation; denunciation

b) fictitious name; pen name

c) trace; particle; spark; iota

d) clique; group who meet frequently, usually socially

6-n. buffoon

a) conclusion reached by reasoning from data or premises; speculation

b) clown; joker; fool; ludicrous figure

c) payment for services; repayment

d) name or term that describes wrongly

7-n. aptitude

a) alliance; merging of various units into one unit; union

b) skill; talent; ability

c) opinion contrary to popular belief

d) body (natural or artificial) which revolves around a larger body; generally a planet

8-n. coalition

a) government by the best people; privileged class

b) alliance; merging of various units into one unit; union

c) god; divine or supreme being

d) something taken for granted; going beyond proper bounds; impudent boldness; arrogance

9-n. impropriety

a) incorrectness; unsuitableness

b) fake show intended to deceive; deception; pretense; diversionary tactic

c) thoughtlessness; state of complete forgetfulness

d) anger; rage; fury

10-n. candor

a) scarcity; shortage; lack

b) sincerity; honesty; openness

c) exaggeration; overstatement

d) act of rejoicing; joy; gaiety; glee

Exercise 8

1-adj. clandestine

a) nameless; unidentified

b) developed or matured earlier than usual

c) secret; hidden; covert; stealthy; underhand

d) thin; slim; delicate; weak; sparse

2-adj. whimsical

a) fanciful; amusing; capricious

b) thorough; extreme

c) secret; hidden; covert; stealthy; underhand

d) out of date; outdated; archaic; extinct; antiquated

3-adj. effete

a) ridiculous; producing laughter; absurd

b) failing to fulfill an obligation; guilty of an offense

c) careful; cautious; prudent; watchful; guarded

d) no longer productive; worn out; degenerate; exhausted

4-n. compendium

a) inherent quality; characteristic

b) approval; praise; sanction; assent; consent

c) harsh rebuke; abusive condemnation; denunciation

d) brief summary of the main ideas of a larger work; list of contents; inventory

5-adj. civil

a) taking little care; oblivious; rash; unmindful

b) of or having to do with citizens or the state; polite; courteous

c) renowned; having an unfavorable connotation; known for disgrace

d) conceited; selfish; self-centered

6-adj. lavish

a) exempt from or protected against something; resistant; free; exempt; protected

b) very holy; inviolable

c) profuse or generous; given to extravagance; wasteful; generous

d) likely; inclined or disposed; fit; suitable; skillful

7-adj. motley

a) often of mistakes; extremely and noticeably bad; flagrant; rude

b) of beauty; pertaining to taste in art and beauty

c) of various colors; of mixed ingredients; of great variety

d) rigorously abstinent; severe; self-denying; celibate

8-adj. tenuous

a) unmoved or indifferent; composed; casual; indifferent

b) negative; hostile; antagonistic; inimical

c) similar; parallel; comparable

d) thin; slim; delicate; weak; sparse

9-adj. ignominious

a) sparing in use of food or drinks; satisfied with little; moderate

b) careful; cautious; prudent; watchful; guarded

c) contemptible; degrading; humiliating; ignoble; contempt; base; mean

d) equivalent to; equal to

10-adj. machiavellian

a) very short-lived; lasting only a short time; transitory

b) sacrificing moral principles in order to attain power; politically cunning; crafty

c) very holy; inviolable

d) apparent; obvious; professed to be a certain way

Exercise 9

1-v. reverberate

a) to recognize; to perceive; to grasp; to comprehend

b) to restate the meaning of a passage in other words

c) to echo; to resonate; to resound

d) to leave behind; to give something up

2-v. err

a) to moo; to utter the sound made by cattle

b) to restate the meaning of a passage in other words

c) to assign; to credit with; to ascribe to

d) to make a mistake; to do something wrong; to misjudge

3-v. ejaculate

a) to make fun of or copy by imitating; to ape

b) to exclaim or utter suddenly; to blurt out

c) to punish through public criticism; to scold; to reprimand

d) to outline; to describe; to sketch; to draw

4-v. accelerate

a) to quicken; to speed up; to cause to move faster

b) to forecast; to foretell; to diagnose

c) to variegate; to make different; to increase the product range of a company; to offer new products

d) to calm; to lessen in severity; to mollify; to relieve

5-v. apprise

a) to imprison; to detain; to jail

b) to declare positively; to confirm; to affirm

c) to inform; to brief; to notify

d) to banish; to exclude

6-v. petrify

a) to bring about; to bring forth; to cause; to produce; to generate

b) to force oneself or one's ideas upon another; to thrust forward; to eject; to invade; to interrupt

c) to paralyze with horror, fear or surprise

d) to scold or blame loudly; to find fault with in abusive language; to condemn

7-v. entreat

a) to shorten; to limit; to condense

b) to follow; to result

c) to smile in a silly or affected way; to smirk

d) to beg earnestly; to implore; to plead

8-v. retrieve

a) to paralyze with horror, fear or surprise

b) to make good; to recover; to restore; to fetch; to bring back; to regain

c) to assume a deceptive appearance or character; to impersonate

d) to be sorry for; to feel remorse; to regret

9-v. taunt

a) to reproach with contempt; to provoke; to sneer

b) to make clear; to explain; to clarify

c) to force oneself or one's ideas upon another; to thrust forward; to eject; to invade; to interrupt

d) to refer indirectly to something; to hint

10-v. depreciate

a) to mock; to gibe; to scorn; to jeer

b) to communicate in an orderly fashion; to talk

c) to belittle; to speak slightingly of; to reduce the value or cost; to disparage

d) to make a mistake; to do something wrong; to misjudge

Exercise 10

1-n. aptness

a) abundance; full amount; excessive supply

b) lengthy, heartfelt speech; scolding; lecture

c) suitability; ability

d) keenness of mind; insight; astuteness; shrewdness

2-n. caricature

a) insult; curse; affront; offense

b) indirect reference (often literary); hint

c) drawing that exaggerates certain physical characteristics

d) burden; duty; obligation; responsibility

3-v. procrastinate

a) to belittle; to speak slightingly of; to reduce the value or cost; to disparage

b) to declare positively; to confirm; to affirm

c) to postpone; to put off to another time; to delay; to hold back

d) to refer indirectly to something; to hint

4-adj. venerable

a) unidentified; disguised; concealed; anonymous; unknown

b) deserving respect or reverence because of age; worthy of honor and esteem

c) unreal; made-up; false

d) honest; truthful; sincere; frank; straightforward; open

5-adj. forensic

a) dead; vanished; gone

b) corpselike; hence; haggard; pale; ghastly

c) pertaining to or used in a court of law; rhetorical; argumentative

d) severe; demanding; strict; binding; constraining

6-adj. plebeian

a) quarrelsome; warlike

b) incapable of being defended or held; uninhabitable

c) perfect or highly accomplished; excellent; skilled; complete

d) pertaining to the common people, hence common or vulgar; rude

7-adj. gossamer

a) thin and light

b) clever; resourceful; talented; inventive

c) wasteful; careless; not saving up for future needs

d) well-deserved (applied chiefly to punishment); proper; fitting

8-n. cabal

a) working class; social class comprised of manual laborers

b) group of people joined by a secret; group of conspirators

c) little world or universe in miniature

d) abundance; full amount; excessive supply

9-v. abet

a) to guess; to speculate; to surmise; to hypothesize; to infer

b) to echo; to resonate; to resound

c) to publish; to spread abroad; to declare; to advertise widely

d) to encourage; to support

10-n. adversary

a) enemy; foe; opponent; rival

b) front or face, especially of a building; illusion; deceptive appearance

c) origin; beginning; creation

d) faithfulness; loyalty

Exercise 11

1-adj. provisional

       i)            pertaining to the common people, hence common or vulgar; rude

     ii)            temporary; for the time being; contingent; interim

   iii)            rarely occurring or appearing; intermittent; occasional; irregular; infrequent

  iv)            working secretly or slyly; cunning; crafty; deceitful

2-adj. judicious

a) wasteful; careless; not saving up for future needs

b) wise; prudent; sensible; discreet

c) bulging; swelling out; jutting out

d) working or done for payment only; hired for service

3-adj. apathetic

a) indifferent; lethargic

b) immature; not fully developed; fundamental

c) complicated; confusing; maze-like

d) unable to be satisfied; extremely greedy

4-adj. fatuous

a) swollen; inflated; using big or high-sounding words

b) incapable of being defended or held; uninhabitable

c) lacking in seriousness; vain and silly; stupid; foolish; inane

d) sounding jarring; discordant

5-v. masquerade

a) to start; to provoke; to inflame; to incite

b) to delay or refuse to commit oneself in order to gain time; to avoid an answer

c) to foil; to thwart; to disappoint; to defeat; to baffle

d) to assume a deceptive appearance or character; to impersonate

6-adj. sacrosanct

a) stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing; stiff-necked

b) having a wide knowledge acquired through reading; learned; knowledgeable; educated

c) very holy; inviolable

d) merciful; gentle; lenient; tender; mild

7-adj. disparate

a) temporary; for the time being; contingent; interim

b) unusual; striking; foreign; out of the ordinary

c) unequal; different; unlike; contrasting

d) noble; honorable; candid; artless; honest; innocent

8-adj. ascetic

a) shortened; summarized

b) superior; independent; self-governing

c) rigorously abstinent; severe; self-denying; celibate

d) prosperous; flourishing; copious; rich; abundant; wealthy

9-adj. rudimentary

a) trite; without freshness or originality; commonplace; stale; usual

b) unreal; made-up; false

c) immature; not fully developed; fundamental

d) unmoved or indifferent; composed; casual; indifferent

10-adj. extraneous

a) juicy; delectable; luscious

b) fearful; aware; conscious; worried; concerned

c) festive; gay; friendly; sociable; merry

d) irrelevant; not related; not essential

Exercise 12

1. No sooner (have – did – will – had)  I shut the door, when the telephone rang.

2. By the time I had reached the bottom of the mountain, I (feel – have felt – felt) extremely tired.

3. When he was only thirty years old, he (has – had – is - was) already experienced what most people only experience when they are much older.

4. The witness (convinces – is convincing – convinced – has convinced)  everyone that he hadn't had anything to do with the crime.

5. We asked him why he (hadn't - hasn't – didn't – wouldn't)  telephoned earlier.

6. Actually I had (mention – mentions – mentioned – mentioning – mentioned) it to her before we set out.

7. I must admit I (haven't – hadn't – aren't – couldn't)  thought how the story would finish before I read the book.

8. I'd had scarcely any time to think about it before they had asked – do ask – asked – have asked) me for my opinion.

9. He realized he (has – didn't – wouldn't – had) left it in the car before he reported it lost.

10. It (is – will be – was – are) a great shock to everyone because he hadn't said a word for 10 years.

Exercise 13

1. An eagle, if pressed for food, might (carry off – carry through – carry on with – carry out) a small baby that had been left in the open unprotected, but such an opportunity must occur very rarely.

2. Finland and the Finnish upper secondary education system constitute a good example of the fact that it is possible to (carry off – carry through – carry on with – carry away) very extensive readjustments with a view to making a system more flexible and adapted to individualized learning.

3. India and Iran will continue to deepen ties and (carry off – carry through – carry on with – carry away) bilateral projects, including the tri-nation pipeline and a multi-billion dollar gas deal.

4. The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile, which helps (carry away – carry through – carry on with – carry over) waste products from the liver.

5. China's cultural industry was given a boost last week after the government announced its plan to (carry away – carry through – carry off – carry out) cultural reform in more than 20 provincial areas.

6. Items such as pointed scissors and ice skates are examples of articles that are not permitted in your (carry off – carry on – carry on with – carry away) baggage when boarding an aircraft.
7. An employee with 400 accrued sick leave hours at the end of the fiscal year will (carry over – carry on – carry off – carry out) into the new fiscal year 360 hours of sick leave and 8 hours of additional annual leave.

8. When irrigation has no (carry over –carry on – carry off – carry out) system, the evaporating water deposits a gradual build-up of salinization, which is eventually damaging to plant life.

9. The Scottish Parliament has appointed Mr. Maley to (carry over – carry on – carry off – carry out)  an assessment of the current cost estimate and likely completion date of a new information technology project.

10. Animals and humans use the evaporation of water to (carry away – carry through – carry off – carry out) heat that is absorbed from the sun or generated by metabolic activity and exercise.

Exercise 14

1. Here is the news read by Alan Townend. Today the Government is (opening – unveiling – undoing – showing) plans for a new scheme to help society.

2. The idea behind the scheme is to try and (curb – kill – maintain – confuse) stealing in the country.

3. The scheme will be (entered – presented – welcomed – introduced)  into the school curriculum at the beginning of next academic year.

4. Children will be taught to respect other people's property and (belongings – attachments – added – additions)

5. If child A steals child B's exercise book, child A will have to stand up in front of the school and (conduce – confess – conduct – conform) to being a thief.

6. The Government (speaking person – speak person – spoken person – spokesperson) said the Prime Minister was sick and tired of papers disappearing from his office.

7. Last week the Prime Minister had to give an important address to an international (assembled – assembly – assembling – assembles) when he found his speech had disappeared.

8. This was of course very embarrassing for the P.M. and (in spite – in case – instead – intend) of the speech he told funny stories.

9. The worst part of the incident was that the audience did not see the funny (edge – side – line – part) of his stories.

10. I regret I cannot continue with the news because someone has (misappropriated – misconstrued – mistaken – misread) the next page.

Exercise 15

1. Teaching someone to drive is one of the (cruelest – heaviest – scariest – latest) experiences you can have.

2. You sit in the passenger seat and (learn – perform – compose – instruct) your learner to do what you would normally do.

3. The problem is that if your learner doesn't understand, you can both end up in the (side – ditch – drain – floor)

4. The situation is more (confirmed – contorted – complicated – confused) if the learner is a member of your family.

5. If this relative is also your wife, then things become even more disastrous because it could end in (divorce – division – distance – diversion)

6. The secret of being a good driving teacher is never on any occasion to lose your temper or your (brain – thought – idea – head)

7. If you do lose one of them or both, your learner will lose confidence and also lose (control – check – break – stop) of the car.

8. In my (example – case – instance – incident) none of this happened — all I did was shout and scream, which made me feel better.

9. I am proud to say that I taught my wife and my two sons and they all (passed – passing – passed – pass) first time.

10. The only (confusion – mystery – intrigue – unknown) to me is as they were successful on the first attempt, how come some years before it had taken me four tries!

Exercise 16

1. There's no need to worry, we shall get to the station long before the train leaves as we have (sacks – packets – parcels – bags) of time.

2. The concert doesn't start at least an hour and so we have time to (kill – murder – remove – destroy)

3. The station isn't far away and the train leaves in about ten minutes so there is no need to worry — we have time to (save – store – spare – place)

4. The problem is he has no work to do and with time on his (hands – fingers – feet – legs) he is likely to get into trouble.

5. I told him time and (often – already – again – frequently) not to do it but he takes no notice.

6. I always like to get to an appointment in (good – best – fine – clear) time.

7. It's (of – in – about – through) time she learnt to look after herself.

8. We're not living here for good but just for the time (seeing – trying – going – being)

9. Time (flows – flies – flees – files) it's difficult to believe that we've been here all day.

10. Time will (say – know – tell – find) whether we have made the right decision.

Exercise 17

1. Everyone lost their money when the so-called treasurer (avoided – evaded – absolved – absconded) with all the society's savings.

2. The police not only arrested the leader of the gang but also the (acolytes – attackers – accomplices – associates) who had helped him.

3. I have no wish to (condone – concede – console – conduct) these criminal activities but I do have some sympathy with the perpetrators.

4. The judge has to adopt a (detracted – detached – definite – defended) view of the crime by being utterly impartial.

5. Despite all the chaos around him the captain remained totally calm and assumed an air of (equation – equality – equanimity – equity)

6. The police stopped the car because it had followed an (uneven – unequal – unerring – erratic) course down the road and asked the driver why he was going from side to side.

7. It was possible to look up the topic on the internet but she decided instead to ask her (earnest – erudite – learning – imminent) father who knew the answer to most things.

8. The party leader advised all her members to (risk – undertake – eschew – involve) any question about finance and avoid the topic of money completely.
9. He has a very refined vocabulary and prefers to use a (euphemism – delicacy – finery – edition) rather than a more common and vulgar word.

10. I've looked everywhere for my key and even carried out an (exhausted – exhausting – exhaust – exhaustive) search of my car but I can't find that book.